Receiving an abnormal result from a screening mammogram or experiencing breast cancer symptoms can feel overwhelming, but it’s important to remember that needing additional testing does not necessarily mean you have breast cancer. If your healthcare provider recommends further evaluation, a variety of diagnostic tests can help determine whether breast cancer is present and, if so, provide information needed to guide your next steps.
Diagnostic tests used to evaluate for breast cancer may include a diagnostic mammogram, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, biopsy, and other tests, depending on your situation. Understanding each step can help you feel more informed and prepared throughout your breast health journey.
Breast cancer is diagnosed using one or more tests that help healthcare providers determine whether an abnormal finding is cancer. Depending on your situation, this may include a diagnostic mammogram, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, and biopsy. Not everyone will need every test, and your healthcare team will recommend the next steps based on your screening results and medical history.
Breast cancer screening can help detect breast cancer early, often before it has spread or before symptoms develop. It can also help identify those who may need additional or more frequent testing for breast cancer. Breast cancer screening recommendations include breast self-exams, well-woman exams, and screening mammograms.
A diagnostic mammogram is often performed after a screening mammogram finds an abnormality that needs further investigation or if signs and symptoms of breast cancer are present. A diagnostic mammogram provides a more detailed x-ray of the breast than a screening mammogram, and may focus more on specific areas of concern. It is used to further evaluate symptoms or abnormal areas of the breast to determine whether additional testing, such as a biopsy, may be needed. Diagnostic mammograms may sometimes be used for women who have breast implants.
A breast ultrasound, also called a breast sonogram, is a scan that uses sound waves to create a detailed image of the breast tissue. A breast ultrasound may be used if a suspicious area is detected in the breast during a breast self-exam or screening mammogram. It can help determine if a suspicious area is a benign cyst (a fluid-filled sac) or a solid mass that needs further investigation.
A breast MRI is a diagnostic test used to assess the size and location of a suspicious area, such as a lump, in the breast tissue. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. During a breast MRI, a powerful magnet and radio waves create detailed images of the breast tissue. These images help the medical team distinguish between normal and diseased tissue. A breast MRI may also be recommended for some women with dense breast tissue who have other risk factors or when additional evaluation is needed.
A breast biopsy is a test that removes a small portion of tissue or fluid from a suspicious area in the breast. The specimen removed is then studied under a microscope to check for the presence of cancer. A biopsy is the only diagnostic procedure that can definitively diagnose breast cancer. There are four types of biopsies: fine-needle aspiration, core-needle biopsy, surgical biopsy, and skin punch biopsy.
Breast cancer lab tests are typically done after breast cancer has been diagnosed. The tests help your doctor to learn more about the type of breast cancer you have, which will provide insight into which treatment options may be most effective. The two most common lab tests for breast cancer are the hormone receptor test and the HER2 test, though other tests may be performed as well.
Waiting for test results, such as mammogram or biopsy results, can understandably weigh heavily on your mind and cause anxiety. Practical tips to help alleviate the stress caused by waiting for test results include continuing with your normal routine, taking care of your body and mind, practicing mindfulness and meditation, and seeking the support of others.
